Petra Hendriks
Linguistics
University of Groningen
p.hendriks@rug.nl
website
Charlotte Koster
Linguistics
University of Groningen
Sanne Kuijper
Social Sciences
University of Groningen
s.j.m.kuijper@rug.nl
website
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Petra Hendriks Linguistics University of Groningen p.hendriks@rug.nl website |
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Charlotte Koster Linguistics University of Groningen |
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Sanne Kuijper Social Sciences University of Groningen s.j.m.kuijper@rug.nl website |
| Participants: | 46 children with ASD |
| Type of Study: | structured storytelling |
| Location: | the Netherlands |
| Media type: | audio |
| DOI: | doi:10.21415/T5911K |
Hendriks, P., Koster, C., & Hoeks, J. C. J. (2014). Referential choice across the lifespan: why children and elderly adults produce ambiguous pronouns. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 29:4, 391-407.
Kuijper, S. J. M., Hartman, C. A., & Hendriks, P. (2015). Who is he? Children with ASD and ADHD take the listener into account in their production of ambiguous pronouns. PLoS ONE 10:7, e0132408.
In accordance with TalkBank rules, any use of data from this corpus must be accompanied by at least one of the above references.
The Asymmetries Project collection contains Dutch language productions gathered in Groningen and neighboring towns in the northern Netherlands, between 2007 and 2012. The research was carried out by members of the NWO/Vici project “Asymmetries in Grammar” at the University of Groningen. This project investigates asymmetries between production and comprehension in unimpaired children, in young and elderly adults, and in autistic and ADHD children and adolescents. Here is the project website.
The children in the CK sub-corpus were individually tested in a quiet room at their primary school in Stadskanaal (45 km southeast of Groningen). Testing of the children took place in the winter of 2007-2008. In the spring of 2010, the two adult groups participated in the same experiment. The young adults, both students and non-students, were tested in their homes or at the university. The elderly adults were all tested in their homes. The elderly were socioeconomically representative of their generation’s middle class and all still lived independently, with a minimum of assistance. All the adults lived in the greater Groningen area. Transcripts of the two adult groups can be found at talkbank.org.
The language production data of the CK sub-corpus was collected in a structured storytelling task, which was the first part of a larger experimental session including a memory test and a language comprehension test. A child was first shown one introductory page including pictures of all the storybook figures, such as a princess, witch, ballerina, nurse, pirate, knight, cowboy, indian, etc. The figures were depicted in stereotypical color drawings. The child was asked to name the figures and was helped if needed. Then the child was told that she would see picture books and should tell what was happening on the pages of the books. Investigator-1 explained that investigator-2 wanted to listen in, but because she was sitting further away behind a computer screen, she couldn’t see the pictures. So the child should explain as clearly as possible what was happening in the picture books. After a practice session, the child saw a picture book with six pictures, one per page (see storybook pictures below). She described the activity on each picture-page as she looked at it and could see only one picture-page at a time. The child saw four picture books in total. After each picture book was completed, the child was rewarded with a sticker and intermittently reminded that investigator-2 couldn’t see the pictures. The child’s descriptions were basically monologues. If necessary, investigator-1 prompted the child. Investigator-1 often gave slight encouragements while turning the page, such as “yes” or “good job” or some other short, “empty” supporting comment. The total production session usually took between 7 - 15 minutes. This time includes the instructions, introductory page, practice stories, four test stories and rewards between stories. The children told all four stories within about 3 – 7 minutes (including reward-time between stories). Adults were quite efficient, with a total storytelling time of about 3 – 5 minutes. The elderly talked more, or more slowly and completed the four stories in about 5 – 10 minutes.
Experimentation with the two groups of adult participants followed the same procedure, with a few minor differences. The adults got no “rewards” between storybooks, although they were given a small present of chocolates at the end of their session. They were tested by only one investigator, who explained that the tapes would be further processed by someone else. They were told that this second investigator would not see the pictures, so the participants must be clear about what was happening. The adults were also asked to limit the length of their answers.
The language production data of the SK sub-corpus was collected in a structured storytelling task (the same task as administered to the participants in the CK sub-corpus, and following the same procedure as with the children in the CK sub-corpus). The task was part of a larger experimental session that took several hours. All children in the SK sub-corpus were individually tested at the Eye Lab at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Groningen. Testing of the children took place between May 2009 and August 2011.
To confirm ASD diagnosis of the children with a clinical diagnosis of ASD according to DSM-IV-TR guidelines, the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R) (Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schema (ADOS) (Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 1999) were administered to all children participating in the study (including the TD and ADHD children) or their parents. Likewise, to confirm ADHD diagnosis of the children with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD according to DSM-IV-TR guidelines, the Parent Interview for Child Symptoms (PICS) (Ickowicz et al., 2006) and the Teacher Telephone Interview-IV (TTI-IV) (Tannock, Hum, Masellis, Humphries, & Schachar, 2002) were administered to all children participating in the study (including the TD and ASD children) or their parents.
Each child was tested individually on a single day, with two experimenters present. In addition to the structured storytelling task, children’s comprehension of pronominal binding was assessed with a controlled reference comprehension task. Next, to obtain Theory of Mind, working memory, and response inhibition scores, a verbal and a low-verbal False Belief task (adopted from Hollebrandse, Van Hout, & Hendriks, 2014), an n-back task (cf. Owen, McMillan, Laird, & Bullmore, 2005) and a stop-signal task (adopted from Van den Wildenberg & Christoffels, 2010) were used. Furthermore, to obtain an estimation of children’s IQ and children’s general verbal ability, two subtasks (Vocabulary and Block Design) of the WISC-III-NL (Kort et al., 2002) and the PPVT-III-NL (Schlichting, 2005) were administered.
Children visited the lab together with their parents. While the children were tested, their parents were interviewed in an adjacent room (ADI-R and PICS). Furthermore, parents filled in the Dutch version of the Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC-2-NL) (Bishop, 2003; Dutch translation: Geurts, 2007).
Due to problems with the voice recorder, stories of two children with ASD were not recorded. Furthermore, only two of the four stories of two children (1 ASD and 1 TD) and three out of four stories of one child (ADHD) were recorded. Stories that were not recorded are left out of the Asymmetries Corpus.
The participants are registered anonymously under number, as can be seen on the first initial header line (see example below). For the CK sub-corpus, the 31 children are coded with CKc01 – CKc33. Participants CKc24 and CKc25 have been excluded from the set. The 20 young adults are coded as CKa01 – CKa21. Young adult CKa15 has been excluded. The 20 elderly adults are coded as CKe26 – CKe47. Elderly participants CKe29 and CKe31 have been excluded. For the SK sub-corpus, the 46 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder are coded as SKasd1 – SKasd46. The 37 children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are coded as SKadhd1 – SKadhd37. The 38 typically developing children are coded as SKtd1 – SKtd38.
Several investigators are identified by first name
(coincidentally, they often have the same first name!). On the second
line, the language, participant’s age, sex and group can be found. The
groups are identified as SAchildren, SAadults and SAelderly, with SA
standing for Subject Anaphora (see Research Goals below).
Example of the relevant initial header lines:
@Participants: CHI CKc11 Target_Child, INV Sanne3 Investigator
@ID: nld|asymmetry|CHI|6;2.|female|SAchildren| |Target_Child| |
@ID: nld|asymmetry|INV| |female|SAchildren| |Investigator| |
The sound files were recorded on an Olympus voice recorder as Windows Media Audio (WMA) files. The names of the sound files match the transcript file names.
No restrictions are placed on the use of either the transcribed data or the sound files of the children, young adults and elderly adults in the CK sub-corpus or the SK sub-corpus.
If anyone wishes to use this material, they must first contact Petra Hendriks at p.hendriks@rug.nl for permission and the original files.
